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SOUTH ASIA INTELLIGENCE REVIEW
Weekly Assessments & Briefings
Volume 16, No. 2, July 10, 2017
Data and
assessments from SAIR can be freely published in any form
with credit to the South Asia Intelligence Review of the
South Asia Terrorism Portal
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Jammu
& Kashmir: Salvaging Order
Ajit
Kumar Singh
Research Fellow, Institute for Conflict Management
At least
three Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HM)
terrorists were killed during a 30-hour long encounter
in the Bamnoo area of Pulwama District. The encounter
began in the morning of July 3, 2017, when the Security
Forces (SFs), who had launched a search operation following
a specific tip-off about the presence of terrorists in
the area, were attacked by the armed group inside a house.
Two terrorists were killed on the same day, while another
was killed in the morning of July 4. Four SF personnel
sustained injuries.
On July
1, 2017, Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT)’s
Anantnag ‘district commander’ Bashir Ahmad Wani aka
Bashir Lashkar and one of his associates, identified as
Azad Ahmad Malik aka Dada, were killed in an encounter
in the Brenti-Batpora area of Anantnag District. The encounter
ensued when SFs after receiving information about the
presence of terrorists in the area were attacked by the
terrorists hiding inside a house. Bashir, according to
media reports, figured in a list of 12 ‘most wanted terrorists’
in the state released by the Indian Army on May 30, 2017.
Two civilians, including a woman, were also killed during
the exchange of fire.
On June
25, 2017, two LeT terrorists were killed in an encounter
that broke out between terrorists and SFs in the Delhi
Public School building at Pantha Chowk in Srinagar. The
terrorists were hiding inside the school building after
carrying out an attack on a Central Reserve Police Force
(CRPF) vehicle at the gate of the school, killing one
trooper and injuring two in the evening of June 24. The
slain terrorists were identified as Abu Tala and Abu Hurraira,
both Pakistanis. Two AK rifles, one Underbarrel Grenade
Launchers (UBGL), two grenades and six AK-magazines were
recovered from their possession. At least three Army soldiers
were injured during the operation inside the building.
According
to partial data compiled by the South Asia Terrorism
Portal (SATP), at least 95 terrorists have been killed
in the State since the beginning of the current year (data
till July 9, 2017). During the corresponding period of
the previous year, SFs had eliminated at least 81 terrorists.
The number of slain terrorists during the corresponding
periods of 2015, 2014, and 2013 stood at 44, 48 and 31
respectively. [Year 2013 has been taken as starting point
for analysis because, after recording a continuous decline
in overall terrorism-related fatalities since 2002, a
reversal in this
trend commenced in 2013]. Significantly,
total terrorist fatalities through 2013, 2014, and 2015,
stood at 100, 110, and 113, respectively, just over the
numbers killed in the first six months and a week of the
current year.
The number
of SF personnel killed in the current year, thus far,
stands at 40, as against 30 during the corresponding period
of 2016. The number of SF personnel killed during the
corresponding periods of 2015, 2014, and 2013 was 22,
16, and 31, respectively. Despite the larger loss of SF
lives, the fatalities ratio between SF personnel and terrorists
has been maintained at comparable levels: 1:2.3 (2017),
1: 2.7 (2016), 1: 2 (2015), and 1:3 (2014). In the corresponding
period of 2013, the kill ratio was at par 1:1.
Meanwhile,
at least 30 civilians have already died in the current
year, as against five killed during the corresponding
period of 2016. The number of civilians killed during
the corresponding periods of 2013, 2014, and 2015, were
12, 10, and 12, respectively. Further dissection of the
data reveals that, out of a total of 30 civilians killed
in the current year, thus far; at least 13 were killed
during exchanges of fire between terrorists and SFs. The
number of civilians killed in such incidents was one,
nil, four, and one, respectively, in the corresponding
periods of 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016. The high number
of civilians killed in cross fire in the current year
is a disturbing development, and has often resulted from
the assembly of violent crowds engaging in stone pelting
against SFs, in support of beleaguered terrorists at various
locations. SFs are now focusing on a range of measure
to secure and segregate encounter sites to prevent public
access or supporting action by radicalized crowds.
There have
been 168 terrorism-related incidents in 2017 (data till
July 2, 2017), as compared to 126 in the corresponding
period of 2016, according to a media report. Incidents
of explosion and resultant fatalities have increased from
14 and none in 2016 (data till July 9, 2016) to 24 and
five respectively in 2017 (till July 9, 2017). Though
the number of suicide attacks remained the same – one
each in both the years, during corresponding periods,
the resultant fatalities in these incidents declined from
10 in 2016 to five in 2017.
These numbers
clearly suggest that, though the trends to declining violence
have been reversed in the State over the
past few years, the current security
situation in the State, while disturbing, is far from
alarming. Attempts by a section of the media and some
‘experts’ to create an atmosphere of panic are based on
ignorance or deliberate deceit.
There are,
in fact, indicators that, with stronger SF action, a measure
of stability is being restored, despite some big SF losses
in the aftermath of the killing of HM ‘commander’ Burhan
Wani on July 8, 2016. While SFs had imposed a kill ratio
of 1:1.48 during the first six months after the killing
of Burhan Wani (between July 9, 2016, and January 9, 2017)
this ratio improved significantly in the following six
months, at 1:2.3.
Crucially,
orchestrated street violence – backed by Pakistan-based
terrorist formations and covert Pakistani support – subsequent
to the Burhan Wani killing, which had created an environment
of disorder and panic, is rapidly subsiding. According
to reports, there have been 142 ‘law and order incidents’
in 2017 (till June 30). In July 2016 alone, there
were 820 such incidents. On December 19, 2016, the then
Director General of Police (Law and Order) Shesh Pal Vaid
had disclosed that a total of 2,380 ‘law and order incidents’
had been reported during the ‘Kashmir unrest’, commencing
July 8, 2016. Of these, at least 820 incidents were reported
in July, declining to 747 in August, 535 in September,
179 in October, 73 in November and just 25 during the
first 19 days of December. According to SATP, there were
another two incidents of street violence thereafter, in
2016.
Nevertheless,
flawed policies and the abject failure of the state in
controlling the spiraling violence in the initial stages
after the Burhan Wani killing created ample opportunities
for inimical forces to broaden radical and extremist mobilization
and violence, with a spurt in terrorist recruitment. 88
locals reportedly joined terrorism in 2016, mostly after
the killing of Burhan Wani, and another 27 are believed
to have already joined terrorist ranks in 2017 (till July
3, 2017).
Governments
– both at the state and central level – appear to have
started initiating some corrective measures. State Director
General of Police Shesh Pal Vaid (who took charge on January
1, 2017) stated on February 14, 2017, that a “course correction”
was already underway. Though he refused to divulge any
details, asserting that any discussion of the issue would
be premature, he admitted, “We are reaching out to the
parents and requesting them to convince their children
to shun the path of violence. In a few cases, we have
achieved success also.” Meanwhile, on July 3, 2017, an
unnamed Police spokesman disclosed, “As many as 54 youth
have been arrested from different Districts of Kashmir
over the past few months. The arrests foiled their attempts
to join militancy, thereby saving 54 families getting
adversely affected by the militancy. "
Further,
the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (UMHA) has reportedly
come up with a three-fold plan to eradicate terrorism
in the State: launch of an offensive on terrorists, keeping
tabs on journalists and writers who inflame the situation,
and tightening the grip on separatists. According to sources,
the Centre may ask Governor N.N. Vohra to directly oversee
the combat operations. Chief Minister Mehbooba Mufti,
who also holds home portfolio and heads the unified headquarters
of security agencies, including the Army, will be kept
in the loop only when the agencies take on terrorists
in an encounter.
Though
SFs have once again managed to contain the consequences
of irresponsible politics and administrative failure in
Kashmir, threats persists. This tragic cycle has been
seen again and again, with SFs establishing dominance
and a measure of control at great cost and through tremendous
sacrifices, only to see these gains frittered away by
political adventurism, incompetence or sheer mischief.
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Northeast:
Talks and Some Troubles
Giriraj
Bhattacharjee
Research Assistant, Institute for Conflict Management
The Union
Government is considering the partial removal of the Armed
Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA)-1958 from the States
of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. Media reports cited an
unnamed Ministry of Home Affairs (UMHA) official as stating,
“The notification extending AFSPA in Assam and Arunachal
Pradesh is issued for six months after a review twice
a year. We have reduced this duration to three months
and see if it could be withdrawn completely from certain
areas. For the time being, the proposal is only for the
two States but we are also looking for a similar solution
in Manipur.”
The development
can be seen in the context of continuous improvement in
the security situation in India’s North Eastern Region
(NER). According to partial data compiled by the South
Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP), NER has recorded over
21,514 insurgency-linked fatalities (10,272 civilians,
2,473 Security Force (SF) personnel and 8,499 militants)
since 1992. By 2016, however, the combined annual fatalities
for all the States in the region stood at 160 (61 civilians,
17 SF personnel and 82 militants), as against 273 such
fatalities (62 civilians, 49 SF personnel, 162 militants)
in 2015. Significantly, this was the lowest figure for
overall in the region since 1992. In 2017, the region
has, so far, seen 67 insurgency-related fatalities (22
civilians, nine SF personnel, 36 militants, data till
July 2, 2017).
India’s
NER covers 3,287,263 square kilometers, 7.98 per cent
of the country’s landmass. It comprises eight States:
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura. NER shares India’s international
boundaries with Bangladesh, China, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar.
With the exception of Sikkim, all other States have a
history of violent insurgencies of varying proportion.
Among various
factors contributing to the present improvement in the
situation, the most prominent is the ongoing peace talks
with several insurgent formations. It is pertinent to
recall, however, that these peace talks were preceded
by sustained and successful counter insurgency (CI) operations
against these groups. These operations were backed by
generous surrender-cum-rehabilitation policies, losses
of ‘safe havens’ in Bhutan and Bangladesh, the death,
arrest or surrender of top insurgent leaders, fatigue
and disillusionment with violence, and loss of the limited
popular support and legitimacy that many insurgent groups
had in the past.
According
to the SATP database, at least 158 insurgent groups operated
in the region at one point or the other. Currently, however,
the total number of proscribed militant formations in
the region stands at a modest 13: Assam (3), Manipur (6),
Meghalaya (1), Nagaland (1), and Tripura (2). Apart from
these, there are 23 active militant groups operating in
NER: Assam (4), Manipur (6), Meghalaya (7), Nagaland (4),
and Arunachal Pradesh (2). Mizoram and Sikkim have no
proscribed or active militant groups. Thus, a total of
36 out of 158 insurgent formations are still operational.
The Government is, however, in talks with one of the proscribed
groups, the Tripura based Biswamohan Debbarma faction
of the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT-BM).
Of the
remaining 122 outfits which are neither active nor proscribed,
82 have become defunct. The Union Government and State
Government have, meanwhile, entered into dialogue with
40 of the remaining groups, which are willing to abjure
the path of violence and pursue their demands within the
framework of the Indian Constitution. The status of talks
with various insurgent formations is:
The Human
Rights Council
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Assam
units of Hmar People's Conference-Democratic (HPC-D),
Kuki Liberation Army (KLA),
Kuki Revolutionary Army (KRA),
and United Kukigram Defence Army (UKDA), surrendered
on January 24, 2012. All these groups are in dialogue
with the Government.
-
Five
Assam based Adivasi (tribal groups from Central India
brought in as indentured workers in the Tea gardens
during British rule) insurgent outfits - Adivasi People's
Army (APA), All Adivasi National Liberation Army (AANLA),
Santhal Tiger Force (STF), Birsa Commando Force (BCF)
and the Adivasi Cobra Military of Assam (ACMA)
- are negotiating under the banner of Adivasi National
Convention Committee (ANCC). They all surrendered
on January 24, 2012.
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Assam
based Karbi Longri NC Hills Liberation Front (KLNLF)
is under a Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreement
with the Government of Assam since February 11, 2010.
The SoO agreement was valid upto June 30, 2017. No
further open source information is available on the
current status.
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On
an unspecified date, the SoO agreement with Assam
based Pro-Talks Faction of the National Democratic
Front of Bodoland (NDFB-PTF)
and NDFB-Ranjan Daimairy (NDFB-RD) was extended for
another six months. The SoO with both these outfits
was valid till June 30, 2017. No further information
is available in the open media. The undivided NDFB
[later NDFB-PTF] first signed the SoO agreement on
June 1, 2005. Similarly, NDFB-Ranjan Daimairy (NDFB-RD),
an NDFB splinter, signed the SoO agreement on November
29, 2013.
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A SoO
agreement was signed with the Pro-Talks faction of
the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA-PTF)
on September 3, 2011, and is continuing indefinitely.
However, talks between the Centre and ULFA-PTF were
on hold for a while due to the impending Supreme Court
judgment on petitions seeking 1951 as the cut-off
year for citizenship of people residing in Assam,
instead of 1971 as per the Assam Accord of 1985. The
last meeting was held on June 8, 2017, after retired
Intelligence Bureau Director Dineshwar Sharma was
appointed as an interlocutor.
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The
Mizoram unit of HPC-D is involved in peace talks with
the Mizoram Government. The upcoming fifth round of
peace talks between the State Government and HPC-D
militants is scheduled to be held sometime in July
2017 and is likely to be elevated to the political
level.
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The
Manipur based United Progressive Front (UPF), a conglomeration
of eight outfits (that also included HPC-D and KLO),
and the Kuki National Organisation (KNO),
a conglomeration of 15 outfits, (that also includes
KRA) are currently under SoO with the Government.
The SoO agreement with UPF was valid up to June 8,
2017. No further information is available in the open
media. SoO agreement with KNO exists since August
2008 and is valid up to July 21, 2017. Political dialogue
with both these grouping commenced on June 15, 2016.
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The
periodic extension of SoO was done away with in the
case of the Nagaland based National Socialist Council
of Nagaland - Isak-Muivah (NSCN-IM)
which had signed the Agreement on July 25, 1997, and
which came into effect on August 1, 1997. A Framework
Agreement, outlining the fundamentals of the eventual
settlement of issues, was signed with NSCN-IM on August
3, 2015. Union Further, on April 18, 2017, the Union
Government disclosed that 'a ceasefire is in operation'
between itself and another two National Socialist
Council of Nagaland (NSCN) factions based in Nagaland
- NSCN-Neopao Konyak-Kitovi (NSCN-NK) and NSCN-Reformation
(NSCN-R) - and had been extended up to April 27, 2018.
NSCN-NK entered into the ceasefire agreement on April
27, 2012, and NSCN-R on April 27, 2015.
For the
Assam and Nagaland insurgent groups, interlocutors have
been appointed by the Union Government. On February 2,
2017, former Director of the Intelligence Bureau (IB),
Dineshwar Sharma, was appointed as the new interlocutor
for talks with the insurgent groups of Assam, taking over
from P.C. Haldar, another former IB Director, who served
till December 31, 2016. Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)
Chairman R.N. Ravi was appointed as the interlocutor for
talks with NSCN-IM on August 29, 2014. In other instances,
State Government officials along with officials from UMHA
were engaged in deliberations.
However,
the system of prolonged talks along with poor mechanisms
for rehabilitation and poor oversight over the implementation
of ground rules have been responsible for many instances
of deviance. Indeed, some of these groups under various
ceasefire/SoO agreements continued to engage in abduction,
extortion and killing, and thus continued to constitute
an ongoing security challenge. On June 18, 2017, for instance,
Assam’s Additional Director General of Police (ADGP-Special
Branch) Pallab Bhattacharya disclosed, “Recently we arrested
seven person engaged in decoity case. These person were
surrender cadres of NDFB”.
Similarly,
news reports indicate that on June 12, 2017, the newly
elected Manipur Government had raised the issue of SoO
violations with the Union Government. A source close to
the Chief Minister was reported to have state, "The
Chief Minister will raise the issue of ground rules violations
by the cadres of militant groups that have tripartite
Suspension of Operation agreement with the State and the
Centre." Chief Minister Biren Singh had earlier,
on May 20, 2017, criticized the SoO, observing, “It is
like having no government at all. There is no meaning
of the truce. There is no seriousness in the dialogue
with armed groups.”
Across
Nagaland, moreover, NSCN-IM and other factions systematically
violate ground rules, run a parallel administration, impose
‘taxes’ (extortion) on the public, and engage in continuous
and fratricidal turf wars.
The active
and proscribed groups, moreover, continue to throw up
challenges. The most prominent among these is the Khaplang
faction of NSCN (NSCN-K).
NSCN-K’s Myanmar based leadership had on March 27, 2015,
unilaterally abrogated a ceasefire that had endured since
April 2001. Subsequently, the Union Government also called
off its agreement with NSCN-K through a statement released
on April 28, 2015. NSCN-K had signed the ceasefire agreement
with the Central Government on April 28, 2001, and this
had since been extended annually.
Other
militant formations such as the Saoraigwra faction of
NDFB (NDFB-Saoraigwra) [earlier known as
NDFB-IKS], the Independent faction
of ULFA (ULFA-I),
Kamtapur Liberation Organisation (KLO),
Karbi People’s Liberation Tigers (KPLT),
United People's Liberation Army (UPLA), Jama'atul Mujahideen
Bangladesh (JMB), Helem Tiger Force (HTF), National Santhal
Liberation Army (NSLA), Liberation of Achik Elite Force
(LAEF), Achick Songa An'pachakgipa Kotok (ASAK), Garo
National Liberation Army (GNLA),
Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (HNLC)
Manipur Naga Revolutionary Front (MNRF), Zeliangrong United
Front (ZUF) and the newly formed People's Democratic Council
of Karbi-Longri (PDCK), remain outside the purview of
peace talks. Further, there are two umbrella militant
organisations in the Northeast – both operating out of
Myanmar – continue to engage in violence, particularly
attacks against SFs. The United Liberation Front of Western
South East Asia (UNLFWESA)
is a united front of rebel groups such as the NSCN-K,
ULFA-I, NDFB-Saoraigwra, KLO, PDCK. The other is Coordination
Committee (CorCom), which comprises some insurgent groups
of Manipur. The activities of these groups operating across
the Indo-Myanmar border have raised concerns within Security
agencies .
The very
significant improvements in the security situation in
India’s Northeast need a vigorous effort of political
consolidation. Taking peace talks with various militant
groups under ceasefire and SoO agreements forward in a
time bound manner is one critical avenue of progress,
absent which frustration, ongoing or escalating criminality,
splits and internecine clashes can only mount, making
a mockery of various ground rules established under the
various transient agreements. At the same time, sustained
counterinsurgency operations against those groups that
remain outside the talks are an imperative.
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Weekly Fatalities: Major
Conflicts in South Asia
July 3-9, 2017
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Civilians
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Security
Force Personnel
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Terrorists/Insurgents
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Total
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INDIA
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Jammu and
Kashmir
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0
|
0
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3
|
3
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Left-Wing
Extremism
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Jharkhand
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
2
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INDIA (Total)
|
2
|
0
|
3
|
5
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PAKISTAN
|
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Balochistan
|
7
|
0
|
0
|
7
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Sindh
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
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PAKISTAN
(Total)
|
7
|
0
|
1
|
8
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Provisional
data compiled from English language media sources.
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