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SOUTH ASIA INTELLIGENCE REVIEW
Weekly Assessments & Briefings
Volume 9, No. 10, September 13, 2010
Data and
assessments from SAIR can be freely published in any form
with credit to the South Asia Intelligence Review of the
South Asia Terrorism Portal
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Catastrophic
Deluge, Surging Terror
Ajit Kumar Singh
Research Fellow, Institute for Conflict Management
Ambreen Agha
Research Assistant, Institute for Conflict Management
The
worst ever flood in the last 80 years, which has inundated
almost a fifth of the country, and which has been described
by the United Nations (UN) as "one of the worst humanitarian
disasters" in UN history, is bound to impact adversely
on every single person – either directly or indirectly
– in Pakistan, potentially endangering the very structure
of the nation. More alarmingly, with the Government
failing to cope adequately with the calamity and once
again allowing terrorist and Islamist extremist formations
to ‘help’ the people, there is every possibility of
even greater entrenchment of such groupings among a
widening section of the masses. Significantly, these
moves will dilute elements of Islamabad’s ‘war on terror’
and will enormously aid militants in expanding their
capacities and operations.
Unexpected
and unprecedented rains in end-July first flooded Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
(KP,
formerly known as North West Frontier Province). The
water subsequently made its way down the Indus River
system, inundating the Federally Administered Tribal
Areas (FATA),
Punjab, Balochisatn and Sindh. At least 1,745 people
have died in the natural calamity, which has affected
more than 21 million people. Giving details of the disaster,
Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani, on September 1, 2010,
declared that the unprecedented floods had caused losses
worth USD 43 billion to the country. He added that some
1,000 bridges and 4,000 kilometres of roads had been
damaged by the water.
Despite
the political rhetoric, however, Islamabad’s response
to the crisis has been slow and lacklustre. The country
already had almost 3.3 million internally displaced
persons (IDPs) as a result of sweeping and indiscriminate
‘counter-terrorism’ operations, and is estimated to
have added another 2.2 million to this number as a result
of the floods. Complaints about the callousness of approach
and indifference of the authorities, both in Islamabad
and the respective Provinces, have been widespread.
Even
the international community has failed to deliver in
the appropriate manner. The United Nations, which initially
urged the international community to provide USD 460
million, and doubled this estimate later, has so far
received pledges of just USD 325 million towards relief
aid for Pakistan. The international community has also
made some direct donations and pledges to the country,
taking total pledges to USD 1 billion. However, according
to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs (OCHA), Pakistan has so far received just USD
291 million in aid from the international community.
It is not clear what proportion of this aid has actually
reached the target populations, and there are widespread
allegations of corruption and the siphoning out of funds.
The Pakistan Government has conceded that, till now,
more than a million flood-affected people have received
no relief at all. Meanwhile, the Tehreek-e-Taliban (TTP)
has urged the Pakistan Government to reject Western
aid for flood victims, claiming that the monies would
only be siphoned off by corrupt officials.
With
official and international relief operations failing
to deliver, militant groups, including the Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami
(HuJI),
the Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM),
the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HUM),
the Jama’at-ud-Da’awa (JUD), the Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT),
and radical Islamist political formations such as the
Jamaat-e-Islami (JeI), are taking advantage of the flood
situation, coming to the fore in collecting funds for
‘flood relief’. Reports indicate that some foreign funding,
including contributions from Saudi Arabia, could flow
directly to these organisations and through them, eventually,
to al Qaeda and its network of affiliates.
The risks
of further militant mobilisation through relief operations
are manifest and significant. As Abdul Jabbar, 50, whose
home was destroyed in Mingora town in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
commented, "The Taliban are bringing us rice. We
are hungry. People here have simple lives and are easily
influenced. They have short memories and don't remember
the blood spilled when the Taliban were more active
here." Worryingly, the TTP, according to reports,
is attempting to enlist 50,000 new fighters in return
for food and medicine. Interior Minister Rehman Malik
has emphasised that more aid was needed to stop terrorists
from becoming heroes, saying, "There's huge need.
Desperation gives birth to terrorism." President
Asif Ali Zardari on August 24, also warned that the
TTP could take advantage of the crisis and could kidnap
children dislocated by the flooding to put them into
terrorist training camps. Earlier, on August 19, expressing
the fear that the children of flood-affected people
and orphans could end up at terrorist training camps,
he had noted, "We are giving them everything we’ve
got. There is a possibility that some negative forces
would exploit this situation. For example, militants
can take orphaned babies and put them in terror training
camps."
An unnamed
senior US official also noted, on August 26, "There
are certainly clear indications that the insurgents
and affiliated groups are trying to use the flood and
the relief from the flood to try to gain support for
their broader effort of being able to control large
parts of Pakistan... They're delivering aid. They bring
money. They bring food."
Taking
advantage of the floods, the militants are also relocating
themselves. Significantly, the KP Government has demanded
that the Federal Government launch an operation against
militants who are regrouping in FATA to attack KP and
Punjab. "TTP terrorists have started targeting
settled areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa once again…,"
KP Information Minister Mian Iftikhar Hussain stated
on September 7. "Security Forces should now focus
on terrorists’ activities rather than the flood (relief)
activities. TTP are taking advantage of the flood situation
and have restarted killing innocent citizens,"
he added. Hussain added that any further delay in operations
against the TTP could put the whole country at risk,
and that TTP-affiliated groups had once again strengthened
their presence in Darra Adamkhel, Khyber, Mohmand and
the Peshawar suburbs.
Though
it is quite evident that militants have ‘utilised’ the
floods to their own advantage, some damage has also
been inflicted on al Qaeda, the Afghan Taliban, TTP
and various Punjabi terrorist organizations as a result
of the floods, though its exact quantum is difficult
to estimate. A substantial proportion of the training
camps of these groups Afghan Taliban, were located in
areas which are presently under water. However, the
Afghan Taliban, which operates from the Quetta area
of Balochistan, has not been significantly affected,
as the flood has had only marginal impact in these areas.
The Afghan Taliban has been able to sustain its operations
in Afghanistan even after the deluge.
Nevertheless,
the intensity of the floods has failed to mitigate the
intensity of terrorism in Pakistan. According to the
South Asia Terrorism Portal database a total
of 874 people were killed in terrorism related violence
in the month of July, when the flood started to create
havoc. As the floods peaked in August, fatalities came
down to 320 – but principally because of a decline in
terrorist fatalities, as Army operations were suspended
under the impact of the natural catastrophe. Fatalities
categorised as ‘terrorist’ declined from 618 in July,
to 177 in August. With the waters receding, terrorist
activities have again gathered force, with fatalities
touching 300 in just the first twelve days of September,
including 95 ‘terrorists’. While 44 major incidents
(involving three or more than three killings) were recorded
in July, the number came down to 24 in August, but was
up at 20 during by September 12. The number of suicide
attacks in these months stands at five, two and five
respectively.
Alarmingly,
it is for the first time since January 2009 that the
number of civilians killed during a month has been more
than the militants killed, indicating that the militants
are on rampage even while military operations have been
enormously hampered. The precarious flood situation
has led to massive deployment of the Army in affected
areas, with some 60,000 troops deployed for relief and
rescue operation. Mohammed Anwar, a soldier, reportedly
stated, "We are stretched to the limits. The Government
has pulled thousands of soldiers away from Swat to help
in relief across Pakistan. So the Taliban have returned
with bags of money. It was a war we were winning – and
because of the flood we are losing it again." Meanwhile,
reports indicate that the Army’s planned operations
in the North Waziristan Agency in FATA will be delayed
due to the devastating floods.
This
is a disaster of major proportions, and will have long-term
impact on the capacities of terrorist groupings and
the state’s agencies, and consequently on the trajectory
of terrorism and the stability of the state in Pakistan.
As the flood waters recede, the challenge of managing
diseases, IDPs and massive rehabilitation and reconstruction
work will be compounded by rising depredations of significantly
strengthened terrorist formations, even as Pakistan’s
chronic economic crisis worsens. As in the earthquake
of October 8, 2005, the state in Pakistan has chosen
to look the other way as Islamist terrorist and extremist
formations take advantage of the state’s failure to
deliver efficient relief to the affected populations.
The current catastrophe is of a far greater magnitude
than the calamity of 2005, and the advantages that will
eventually accrue to the terrorists will be comparably
greater.
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Assam:
Goalpara – Militant Habitat
Chennabasaveshwar A. Patagundi
Research Assistant, Institute for Conflict Management
On July
30, 2010, an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) blast was
triggered at Bhalukdubi in Goalpara District, killing
at least five Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) troopers
and injuring 33 others. The IED was placed under a staff
bus carrying troopers to Goalpara town from their Agiya
Balijana camp through dense forest. The ambush was orchestrated
on the Soulmari-Goalpara PWD road, one of the busiest
stretches in the area, three kilometres from Goalpara
town. Soulmari is the point where the road meets National
Highway-37 and connects Bongaigaon, Dhubri, and Guwahati,
and the Garo Hills in Meghalya. After the attack, according
to the Police, militants fled into the Bhalukdubi Reserve
Forest, which connects the Pancharatna and Khutamari Reserve
Forests. Emphasising the advantage of terrain for the
militants, a source noted, "A group of militants,
after carrying out an operation, can sneak into Meghalaya
or take a country boat and disappear along the river."
Subsequent
to the IED blast, Anu Buragohain, who introduced himself
as the ‘spokesperson’ of the United Liberation Front of
Asom (ULFA),
called up a local television channel to claim responsibility
for the attack. He said that, though ULFA had ‘remained
quiet’ for some time, the SFs continued to target its
cadres and that was why it had retaliated. He warned of
more such strikes. Later, ULFA leaders issued directives
to their cadres to target SFs and Central Government installations,
though they were asked to avoid killing of civilians as
far as possible.
The ULFA,
which divides its areas of influence in the State of Assam
into four zones, designates the District of Goalpara in
its Paschim Mandal (West Zone). The District has
witnessed infrequent, yet, major militant ambushes targeting
the Security Forces (SFs) engaged in the counter-insurgency
operations over the years.
The SATP
database
records that at least 75 persons, including 38 militants,
24 SFs and 13 civilians, had been killed in 64 militancy-related
incidents in the District since 1998. Notably, out of
the 45 incidents of violence in which ULFA was involved,
eight were incidents of explosion, killing at least 22
persons, including 15 SFs and seven civilians, and injuring
103 others, including 58 civilians and 45 SFs. ULFA killed
a total of 12 civilians and 20 SFs, while the National
Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB)
was involved in four incidents, resulting in one civilian
and four SF fatalities. Of 38 militants killed in the
District, 27 belonged to ULFA, three were Islamist militants
with suspected links to Pakistan’s external intelligence
agency, Inter Services Intelligence (ISI),
two belonged to the Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HuJI),
and one to the NDFB. The remaining militant fatalities
remain unidentified.
In addition
to the July 30, 2010, IED attack, some of the major incidents
(involving three or more than three fatalities) in Goalpara
include:
July 1,
2009: Five unidentified militants were shot dead in an
encounter between SF personnel and a group of militants
at Dehikata Reserve Forest under Mornai Police Station.
February
11, 2008: Three Islamist militants with suspected links
to the ISI were killed and three others were arrested
in an encounter with SFs at Binajuli village under the
Agia Police Outpost.
June 3,
2004: Three ULFA terrorists were killed in an encounter
at Bhalukdabi village.
August
26, 2004: Two troopers and the daughter of an Army Officer
were killed and 17 people were injured when an IED exploded
at Paikan village, and damaged a bus carrying Border Security
Force personnel from Tura in Meghalaya to Guwahati.
March 16,
2003: Six civilians were killed and 55 were injured in
an IED blast set-off by ULFA terrorists under a passenger
bus, on National Highway No. 7, at Bamunghopha.
August
21, 2002: Alleged NDFB terrorists kill four Police personnel
and a civilian in an IED blast at Maladhara, in the Lakhipur
Police Station limits. 17 Police personnel were also injured
in the attack.
March 15,
2001: Six ULFA terrorists belonging to the outfit's 'Enigma
Unit' were killed in an encounter in a forest area under
the Krishnai Police Station.
July 29,
2001: Seven CRPF personnel and the driver of the vehicle
they were travelling in, were killed in an IED explosion
at Bhalukjuli.
September
28, 1998: Seven persons, including five CRPF personnel,
were killed and seven others were injured in an ambush
on a patrol party between Goalpara and Rongjuli.
The July
30, 2010, ambush on the CRPF was preceded by the arrest
of six suspects from Goalpara and Kamrup Districts, including
two from Guwahati, on April 27, 2010, on charges of planning
to carry out bomb blasts in Guwahati city. Sources confirmed
that a team of ULFA’s "109th battalion"
had carried out a survey of the city and was planning
to carryout blasts, under the leadership of Drishti Rajkhowa,
'commander' of the '109th battalion'. Earlier,
intelligence sources revealed that an ULFA team was located
somewhere in Goalpara, and explosives had already been
procured. Explosives were suspected to have been smuggled
in from Bangladesh to Goalpara via the Garo Hills in Meghalaya.
21 ULFA cadres and linkmen have been already arrested
in Goalpara in 2010, indicating a surge in ULFA activities
in the border District.
Spread
over an area of 1,911 square kilometres, Goalpara is located
on the banks of river Brahmaputra. Low forested hills
such as Pancharatna, Sri Surjya, Tukreswari, Nalanga and
Paglartek, with elevations ranging from 100 to 500 metres,
intersperse the 1,511 square kilometre plain area. The
terrain is characterised by numberless chars (riverine
tracts and sandy river islands) in the river, Brahmaputra
which flows from East to West along the District’s Northern
boundary. 400 square kilometres of forest cover provide
safe heaven for the militants. Koch Rajbongshi, Yogi,
Goal, Hira, Sutradhar, Rabha, Bodo, Garo, indigenous Muslim
and immigrant communities inhabit Goalpara. Its population
of 8,22,306 is administered under five Revenue Circles,
10 Police Stations, including two River Police Stations
(RPS), and five Police outposts.
Goalpara
borders Garo Hills in the neighbouring State of Meghalaya,
which shares a 443 kilometre international border with
Bangladesh, the longest after Tripura amongst North-eastern
States. The proximity to Bangladesh, where the Northeast
militants still have their bases, has made Goalpara vulnerable,
with militants often using the routes through the Garo
Hills to enter Assam.
ULFA’s
"109th battalion", long active in
Goalpara, has remained largely immune to the recent wave
of surrenders by other ULFA formations. Security sources
indicate that, at the instance of the "battalion’s
commandant", Drishti Rajkhowa, Gulit Das and Pradeep
Basumatary have been operating an extortion network in
the District since March 2010. While Drishti Rajkhowa
has been camping in Bangladesh, Gulit Das acts as the
de facto ‘commandant’ of the ‘battalion’. The ‘109th
battalion’ is the logistics division of ULFA, helping
cadres from Assam to cross over to and from Bangladesh,
and arranging supplies and weapons.
According
to an August 2010 report, a top ULFA militant, Tarak Rabha,
recently arrested by the SFs, disclosed that the main
objective of the recent blasts were to demonstrate the
strength of the outfit and to frighten people into meeting
extortion demands. The ULFA leadership has been increasingly
concerned as a majority of those who had received demand
notes had failed to pay.
The ‘central
committee headquarters’ of the ULFA is still located in
the Bakapura area of Sherpur District in Bangladesh bordering
Meghalaya, despite a ‘crackdown’ against Northeast Indian
militant groups by the Bangladesh Government. Apart from
central committee members, the ULFA has created three
rank categories among the remaining senior cadres. The
G1 comprises Biju Deka and Bhaiti Barua alias Apurba;
G2 comprises Pallab Saikia, Pradyut Gohain, Antu Chowdang
and Pranjit Saikia; and G3 comprises Drishti Rajkhowa,
Dipijjyoti Mahanta and Arpan Saikia. ULFA has also divided
the upper Assam region into three zones for its extortion
drives. The Districts of Jorhat and Golaghat are in the
first zone, Dhemaji and Lakhimpur Districts and Majuli
River Island are included in the second zone, and the
Sivasagar, Dibrugarh and Tinsukia District are included
in the third zone. The '109th battalion' has been tasked
to manage the extortion drive in the Boko, Palasbari and
Chaygaon areas of Kamrup District and in Goalpara District.
While ULFA,
followed by the NDFB, are the dominant forces in Goalpara,
the activities of Islamist groups are also causing significant
concern. In 2008, the Assam Public Works (APW), an organisation
linked to ULFA, which demanded Army operations to target
Islamist groups in char and other riverine areas
of Assam, claimed that the combined cadre strength of
the Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI)
and HuJI in Goalpara District was 8,000. Significantly,
on October 16, 2008, two suspected HuJI militants were
shot dead by troops during an encounter at Krishnai in
the District. There is also evidence of a Muslim United
Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA)
presence in the District, with MULTA cadres arrested by
troops in at least three search operations at Rakhaldubi,
Tarai Bari and Kumri areas in the District in 2010.
Goalpara
remains an easy entry point for armed groups operating
in Assam and beyond, given its tricky terrain, vulnerable
demography and strategic location, and there is little
scope for choking off these operational advantages to
violent sub-national movements in the District.
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Weekly
Fatalities: Major Conflicts in South Asia
September 6- 12, 2010
|
Civilians
|
Security
Force Personnel
|
Terrorists/Insurgents
|
Total
|
INDIA
|
|
Assam
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
Jammu and
Kashmir
|
0
|
1
|
14
|
15
|
Manipur
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
Left-wing
Extremism
|
|
Bihar
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
Chhattisgarh
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
Jharkhand
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
4
|
West Bengal
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
Total
(INDIA)
|
6
|
3
|
18
|
27
|
PAKISTAN
|
|
Balochistan
|
8
|
1
|
1
|
10
|
FATA
|
22
|
0
|
34
|
56
|
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
|
46
|
1
|
3
|
50
|
Punjab
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
Sindh
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Total
(PAKISTAN)
|
79
|
2
|
38
|
119
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Provisional
data compiled from English language media sources.
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BANGLADESH
War
crimes probe lacks coordination, says
Finance Minister A.M.A. Muhith: Finance
Minister A.M.A. Muhith, on September 8,
admitted the lack of coordination between
prosecutors and investigators in the war
crimes trial.
Daily
Star, September
9, 2010.
INDIA
Infiltration
attempts in Jammu and Kashmir increasing,
says Army's Northern Command Chief Lieutenant
General B. S. Jaswal: The Army has noticed
"a lot of attempts" by terrorists to infiltrate
into Indian territory along the International
Border in Jammu and Kashmir in 2010.
Daily Excelsior,
September 8, 2010.
Maoists
gaining strength in Kerala, says Union Home
Secretary G. K. Pillai:
Union Home Secretary G.K. Pillai, on September
6, said that, according to reports reaching
the Union Ministry of Home Affairs, the
activities of the Communist Party of India-Maoist
(CPI-Maoist) are gaining strength in Kerala.
The
Hindu, September
7, 2010.
APHC-M
chairman Mirwaiz Umar Farooq rejects bilateral
talks over Jammu and Kashmir: The
All Party Hurriyat Conference-Mirwaiz
(APHC-M) chairman Mirwaiz Umar Farooq, on
September 10, said that bilateralism has
failed to resolve the Kashmir issue
and the only way to settle the dispute was
to implement the United Nations resolutions
or hold a dialogue involving India, Pakistan and
the leadership of Jammu and Kashmir.
Daily Excelsior,
September 8, 2010.
NEPAL
PM
parleys with envoys of UN permanent member
States over UNMIN status:
Caretaker Prime Minister (PM)
Madhav Kumar Nepal, on September 9, held
joint discussions with ambassadors of three
United Nations (UN) permanent member states
(United States, United Kingdom and France)
on the recent briefing of the chief of the
United Nations’ Mission in Nepal (UNMIN),
Karin Landgren, to the UN Security Council
and the recent report of the UN Secretary
General on Nepal's peace process.
Nepal News, September
10, 2010.
Maoists
making preparations for "decisive people's
war", says UCPN-M leader Gajurel:
The Unified Communist
Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) is making
final preparations for "a decisive people's
war", but top party leaders are discussing
new approaches to wage it, a senior Maoist
leader, C.P. Gajurel said on September
6.
Nepal
News, September
7, 2010.
PAKISTAN
34
militants and 22 civilians among 56 persons
killed during the week in FATA: A
US missile strike killed six persons and
injured several others at Newey Adda village
in the Datta Khel area near Miramshah, the
main town of North Waziristan Agency, in
the Federally Administered Tribal Areas
(FATA) on September 11.
Mortar
shells fired from Afghanistan killed three
persons and injured five others in Saidgi
area of North Waziristan on September 10.
At
least 12 persons, including three children
and two women, were killed and two others
injured in a roadside bomb explosion near
Palaseen village in Kurram Agency on September
9. In addition, six Uzbek militants were
killed and five others injured when a US
drone fired missiles into a compound in
Machus Camp area of North Waziristan Agency.
Further, a US drone strike killed at least
four militants in the outskirts of Miranshah.
Fourteen
suspected militants and four children were
killed when US drones carried out three
attacks targeting a compound, a car and
a house in Dandy Darpakhel near Miramshah
in parts of North Waziristan Agency near
the Afghanistan border on September 8. Later
in the night, a house in Dandy Darpakhel
was attacked with three missiles. Four suspected
militants were killed in the incident.
Dawn;
Daily
Times; The
News, September
7-13, 2010.
46
civilians and three militants among 50 persons
killed during the week in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa:
Four
activists of the Awami National Party (ANP)
were shot dead in Doaba town of Hangu District
in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the night of September
8.
Three
of the 10 labourers abducted by Tehreek-e-Taliban
Pakistan (TTP) from Chitral District on
August 29, were killed on September 9.
At
least 20 persons, mostly women and children,
were killed, while more than 94 were injured,
in a car bomb attack near the Kohat Police
Lines in Kohat District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
on September 7.
19
people, including nine Policemen and three
students, were killed and 34 were injured,
when a suicide bomber rammed his explosive-laden
car into the Lakki City Police Station in
Lakki Marwat District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
at 7am (PST) on September 6.
Dawn;
Daily
Times; The
News, September
7-13, 2010.
Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa Government demands ‘decisive’
operation in Tribal Areas: The
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Government has once again,
on September 7, demanded a conclusive military
operation against the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP),
which it said was strengthening its position
in the tribal belt.
Daily
Times, September
8, 2010.
No
operation in Balochistan, says Prime Minister
Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani: Prime
Minister Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani, on September
10, stated that the Federal Government had
no intention of launching a Swat-like military
operation in Balochistan.
Earlier,
on September 7, Interior Minister Rehman Malik announced
that the Government had decided to take
stern action against miscreants in Balochistan
based on the approach used to restore peace
in Karachi.
Daily
Times, September
8-11, 2010.
Orakzai
Agency cleared of militants, says Army:
The Army operation against militants in
the Orakzai Agency has now come
to an end, claimed the operations-in-charge,
Brigadier Pervez, on September 7.
Dawn,
September 8, 2010.
SRI LANKA
Large
hauls of gold were recovered from LTTE areas
during my tenure, says former Army Commander
Sarath Fonseka:
Former Army Commander and Democratic National
Alliance (DNA) Parliamentarian Sarath Fonseka said
that 200 kilograms of gold belonging to
the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
was unearthed from the Vellamullivaikkal area
in the Mullaitivu District during
his tenure as Army Chief. Fonseka told
the Parliament during the debate to extend
the emergency regulations that, while larger
stocks of gold had been recovered after
his tenure as Commander; no one knew what
happened to the gold. Colombo
Page, September
8, 2010.
The South
Asia Intelligence Review (SAIR) is a weekly service that
brings you regular data, assessments and news briefs on
terrorism, insurgencies and sub-conventional warfare, on
counter-terrorism responses and policies, as well as on
related economic, political, and social issues, in the South
Asian region.
SAIR is a project
of the Institute
for Conflict Management
and the
South
Asia Terrorism Portal.
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