South Asia Terrorism Portal
NSCN-K: Steady Depletion M.A. Athul Research Assistant; Institute for Conflict Management
The Myanmar Army (Tatmadaw) launched the second phase of its Operation Sunrise-2, in the vicinity of Lahe and Nayun townships in the Sagaing Region of Myanmar, along the India-Myanmar border, targeting Indian Insurgent Groups (IIGs) based in Myanmar. The operation lasted 23 days – May 16 to June 8, 2019 – and resulted in the arrest of about 70 to 80 militants (group identity not disclosed) and destruction of seven to eight IIG camps.
The first phase of Operation Sunrise launched in the adjoining Taga area of Sagaing Region, lasted for 13 days – February 17 to March 2, 2019 – and resulted in the arrest of at least 24 IIGs (group identity not disclosed). Insurgents’ infrastructures, including temporary bases and training camps located in the area were dismantled.
Significantly, the launch of the first phase of the Operation was preceded by the Tatmadaw taking control of the National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Khaplang (NSCN-K) ‘headquarters’, located in the Sagaing region, on January 29, 2019. There was no reported incident of arrest when Tatmadaw wrested control of the NSCN-K ‘headquarters.
Evidently, the primary target of these Operations has been NSCN-K. Consequently, though they targeted all IIGs based in Myanmar, they had a particularly devastating impact on NSCN-K. Reports indicate that about 400 NSCN-K militants had shifted base to Myanmar after the outfit unilaterally abrogated the cease-fire agreement (CFA) on March 27, 2015, which it had earlier signed with the Government of India on April 28, 2001.
Significantly, on March 9, 2019, Tatmadaw arrested five NSCN-K leaders, identified as ‘peace committee’ leader U An Kam, ‘spokesperson’ U Kyaw Wan Sein, and ‘officers’ U Saw Htein, Aung Mai and Aung Sai, from the Sagaing Region. Incidentally, these leaders were arrested after the first phase of Operation Sunrise had ended.
With the Myanmar Army exerting pressure, NSCN-K militants, including leaders, attempted to cross over into India. Prominent among those arrested by the alert Indian forces while attempting to infiltrate were:
June 29, 2019: ‘Major’ Lukhato, considered to be close to ‘lieutenant general’ Nikki Sumi of NSCN-K. Lukhato was arrested from Zunheboto District in Nagaland. A pistol was recovered from his possession.
June 28, 2019: ‘Captain’ Mughato Sumi, arrested from south Point in Zunheboto District.
June 21, 2019: ‘Major general’ Yanghang aka Mopa of NSCN-K-Yung Aung faction, arrested along with two others at Abhoi in the Mon District of Nagaland. He was the highest ranking NSCN-K militant operating in India and controlled all the operations in Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.
Since, March 27, 2015, SFs have arrested at least 281 NSCN-K cadres from five States (data till July 14, 2019), according to partial data collected by the South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP). In 2015, 47 militants were arrested; another 48 in 2016; 91 in 2017; 70 in 2018 and 25 in 2019.
SFs have also killed 43 NSCN-K cadres over this period. At least 30 NSCN-K militants were killed in 2015; one in 2016; 10 in 2017; and two in 2018. No NSCN-K militant has been killed in 2019, so far.
NSCN-K was formed on April 30, 1988, after a split within the NSCN. The other group came to be known as NSCN-Isak Muivah (NSCN-IM). NSCN-K signed a CFA with the Government of India on April 28, 2001. On June 7, 2011, Khole Konyak and N. Kitovi Zhimomi left NSCN-K to form NSCN-Khole Khitovi (NSCN-KK), currently identified as NSCN-Khitovi-Neopao (NSCN-KN), led by Kitovi Zhimomi and M.B. Neopao Konyak. NSCN-KK signed a CFA on April 27, 2012.
On March 27, 2015, two senior Kilonsers (ministers) – Wangtin Konyak aka Y. Wangtin Naga and T. Tikhak – were expelled from the NSCN-K. The expelled cadres formed the Reformation faction of the NSCN (NSCN-R) on April 6, 2015.
After the death of NSCN-K ‘chairman’ S.S. Khaplang on June 9, 2017, ‘lieutenant general’ Khango Konyak was made the leader of the NSCN-K. However, on August 17, 2018, Khango Konyak was removed from the position and Yung Aung, a Myanmarese national was elected as the ‘chairman’. Thus, two groups emerged – NSCN-K-Khango Konyak and NSCN-K-Yung Aung. In October 16, 2018, reports indicated that Khango Konyak, who was earlier based in Myanmar, had returned to Mon District in India. On April 15, 2019, the Khango-led NSCN-K- signed a CFA for a year.
The operational capabilities of the NSCN-K have steadily been depleting because of the actions taken by SFs of both India and Myanmar on the ground, as well as because of the increasing factionalization of the outfit. Myanmar Army Operations appear to have weakened the outfit considerably.
NSCN-K may still be able to mount isolated ambushes, but would, in all likelihood, not be able to mount a complex 2015 Chandel-type ambush in the foreseeable future. At least 18 Army personnel were killed in the Chandel attack.
It now remains for India to take advantage of the situation and create an environment to force back the last prominently active Naga group, and bring it into the negotiation process.
Relentless Justice S. Binodkumar Singh Research Associate; Institute for Conflict Management
On June 27, 2019, the International Crimes Tribunal-1 (ICT-1) sentenced to death Mahbubur Rahman (69) for the murder of philanthropist Ranada Prasad Shaha, his son and 58 others during the 1971 Liberation War. The tribunal had framed three charges against Rahman on March 28, 2018, and the prosecution succeeded in proving the charges beyond any doubt. According to the first charge, Mahbubur, along with his father, brother and local Razakars (a prominent pro-Pakistan militia) and Pakistan Army men, raided the Kumudini Complex in the Mirzapur upazila (sub-Dsitrict) of Tangail District on May 7, 1971, looking for Shaha. On not finding him, they humiliated doctors, nurses, teachers, students and employees there. They then attacked Hindu-dominated villages – Baimhati, Andhara and Sarishadair – and killed 33 Hindu men. The second charge was that Rahman, along with local Razakars and Pakistan Army men, raided Shaha’s home at Khanpur village in Tangail District on May 7, 1971. From there, they abducted five persons – R.P. Shaha, his son, and three others – and took them to the Adamjee Burma Eastern Oil Depot. None of the persons abducted have since been traced. The third charge accused Mahbubur and the Razakars of abducting 24 Hindu civilians from Mirzapur on May 14, 1971. They were taken to Tangail Circuit House. 22 detainees were killed while two survived.
On April 24, 2019, ICT-1 handed down the death sentence for the Netrakona war crimes accused Hedayet Ullah Anju (80) and Sohrab Fakir (88). They were found guilty on all the six war crimes charges. Sohrab and Hedayet were jailed for 10 years for plundering, arson attacks and deporting Hindus from Modhukhali village in the Atpara upazila of Netrakona District on May 29, 1971. Sohrab and Hedayet were sentenced to death for murdering two villagers after torturing them in confinement, looting and setting fire to several houses in Mobarakpur village of Atpara upazila in Netrakona District on August 23, 1971. Separately both were handed death sentences for murdering Helim Talukder at Madan Dakhinpara village in Madan upzila of Netrakona District, on August 30, 1971. Sohrab was jailed for another 10 years for torturing Hamid Hossain of Madan Majpara village in Madan upzila of Netrakona District after abducting him on September 2, 1971. They got their third death sentences for committing genocide by killing seven Hindus in Sukhari village of Atpara upazila in Netrakona District after abducting and torturing them in confinement on September 3, 1971. Separately, both were jailed for another 10 years for setting Hindu houses ablaze and deporting them from Madan Dakhinpara village in Madan upzila of Netrakona District on September 6, 1971.
On March 28, 2019, ICT-1 sentenced Abdul Majid (70), Abdul KhalekTalukder (71), Kabir Khan (75), Salam Begh (65) and Nur Uddin (62) to death for their involvement in crimes against humanity during the Liberation War. The Tribunal found the convicts guilty on all seven charges framed against them. The tribunal found Majid, Khalek and Kabir guilty of abduction, looting and murder of three Hindu men, including one Hem Sundar Bagchi, in Rajpara village of Netrakona District on May 1, 1971, and sentenced them to imprisonment jail until death. The Court found Majid and Khalek guilty of abduction, confinement and torture of Abdul Gani Sarker aka Charu Miah in Barha village of Netrakona District and sentenced them to 10 years in prison. Majid and Khalek were found guilty of abduction, torture and murder of one Abdul Khalek of Barha village in Netrakona District on August 21 and given the death penalty. Majid, Khalek, Salam and Nur Uddin were also found guilty of abduction, torture and killing of one Mohir Uddin of the same village on August 27, and awarded the death penalty. All the accused were found guilty of abduction, torture and killing of four pro-liberation persons in between November 12 and 16, 1971, in different parts of Purbodhala upazila in Netrakona District and awarded the death penalty. Further, they were awarded the death penalty for the abduction, torture and murder of Siraj Mondol of Purbo Moudam village in Netrakona District on November 20, 1971. Majid, Khalek and Kabir were found guilty of raping a woman in Purbobudi village of Netrakona District. The jail terms would naturally be merged into the death sentence, the tribunal observed.
On November 5, 2018, ICT-1 found Liakat Ali (63) and Aminul Islam aka Rajab Ali (62) guilty of crimes committed during the Liberation War and sentenced them to death. The tribunal found the duo guilty on all seven charges framed against them, including the killing of 43 Hindu men in Krishnapur village under Lakhai upazila in Habiganj District; killing nine Hindu men in Chandipur village of Lakhai upazila in Habiganj District and 26 Hindu men in Gadainagar village of Lakhai upazila in Habiganj District; acts of genocide in Krishnapur, Chandipur and Gadainagar villages of Lakhai upazila in Habiganj District, which left eight Hindu men dead; the killing of one Rangu Mia in Nasirnagar village of Kishoreganj District; the killing of five men in Sabiyanagar village of Kishoreganj District; and the killing of another 10 men in the same village.
The War Crimes (WC) Trials, which began on March 25, 2010, have so far indicted 124 leaders, including 50 from the Jamaat-e-Islami (JeI); 27 from the Muslim League (ML); 11 from Nezam-e-Islami (NeI); five from the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP); two each from the Jatiya Party (JP) and Peoples Democratic Party (PDP); 26 former Razakars; and one former Al-Badr member. Verdicts have been delivered against 88 accused, including 62 death penalties and 26 life sentences. So far, six of the 62 people who were awarded the death sentence have been hanged. On September 3, 2016, JeI Central Executive member Mir Quasem Ali (63) was hanged at Kashimpur Central Jail in Gazipur District; on May 11, 2016, JeI Ameer (Chief) Motiur Rahman Nizami (75) was executed at Dhaka Central Jail; on November 22, 2015, JeI Secretary General Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed (67) and BNP Standing Committee member Salauddin Quader Chowdhury (66) were hanged simultaneously at Dhaka Central Jail; on April 11, 2015, JeI Senior Assistant Secretary General Mohammed Kamaruzzaman (63) was hanged at Dhaka Central Jail; and on December 12, 2013, JeI Assistant Secretary General Abdul Quader Mollah (65), who earned the nickname ‘Mirpurer Koshai (Butcher of Mirpur)’ was hanged at Dhaka Central Jail. 28 others are absconding and another 28 cases are currently pending with the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court. Meanwhile, out of 26 persons who were awarded life sentences, five persons have already died serving their sentences – former JeI Ameer Ghulam Azam (91), who died on October 23, 2014; former BNP Minister Abdul Alim (83), who died on August 30, 2014; former JeI National Assembly member S.M. Yousuf Ali (83), who died on November 17, 2016; former JeI member Gazi Abdul Mannan (88), who died on December 19, 2016; and former ML member Mahidur Rahman (88), who died on May 21, 2018. 13 others are absconding and another eight are lodged in various jails of the country.
Significantly, on July 10, 2019, the four-member bench of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, headed by Chief Justice Syed Mahmud Hossain, completed hearing of arguments from both the state and defence on an appeal filed by JeI Assistant Secretary General ATM Azharul Islam challenging the ICT-1 verdict that sentenced him to death. On December 30, 2014, ICT-1 had awarded Azharul Islam a death sentence for his war crimes committed in Rangpur. He was found guilty on five of six charges. Azharul Islam filed his appeal on January 28, 2015. On June 18, 2019, the Appellate Division started hearings on the appeal. The Appellate Division can deliver its judgment any day on Azharul Islam’s appeal.
The Government is also trying to impound all movable and immovable assets of those convicted for war crimes in 1971. The demand to strip war criminals of their assets gained momentum in 2010, when the ICT set up by the Awami League-led Government began prosecuting Pakistan Army collaborators and war criminals. The process gained further momentum after a mass movement began at Shahbagh Square in 2013 to demand the maximum penalty for war criminals. The Government then promised to formulate new laws to seize assets of those convicted. On September 29, 2016, the Jatiya Sangsad (National Assembly) unanimously adopted a resolution to confiscate all movable and immovable assets of war criminals. Further, on January 17, 2019, Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs Minister Anisul Huq disclosed that the process for seizing the properties of the families of war criminals had been finalized.
Notably, Liberation War Affairs Minister AKM Mozammel Huq, after inaugurating the Muktijoddha (Freedom Fighters) Complex in Pabna District on June 29, 2019, declared that the Home Ministry was preparing a list of Razakars, who were involved in killing, arson and other crimes against humanity during the country’s Liberation War in 1971. He further stated that the graveyards of the freedom fighters across the country would be preserved in the same pattern to show homage to them. According to the War Crimes Facts Finding Committee, Bangladesh, there are about 5,000 mass graves across the country, where the Pakistan Army and its collaborators conducted genocide in 1971.
The JeI, which opposed Bangladesh’s birth, had already been in trouble after its senior leaders were handed down punishments for crimes against humanity. The Dhaka High Court, on August 1, 2013, in a landmark ruling, declared "illegal" Bangladesh's biggest right-wing party, JeI, and banned it from contesting future polls, leaving the once-most powerful fundamentalist party with an uncertain future. Further, the Election Commission (EC) cancelled the party’s registration on October 28, 2018. Citing its failure to apologise for its role in the 1971 War and bring reforms to its constitution, on February 15, 2019, JeI Assistant Secretary General Abdur Razzaq quit the party. The following day, JeI’s Majlish-e-Shura (Central Governing Body) member Mojibur Rahman Monju, who had been vocal about reforms, was expelled from JeI for “breaching discipline” and “anti-party activities”. Over the following days, several other JeI leaders were expelled on similar grounds. On April 27, 2019, a group of former JeI leaders launched a new political initiative, the Jana Aakangkhar Bangladesh (JAB) headed by Mojibur Rahman Monju. The move came following differences of opinion within JeI over reforms and whether it would apologise to the nation for opposing the 1971 Liberation War.
Meanwhile, bilateral relations between Bangladesh and Pakistan have been strained since 2013, when Dhaka decided to hang several of the 1971 war criminals, and have plummeted further after March 26, 2019, as Bangladesh sought United Nations (UN) recognition for one of the world's worst genocides, conducted by Pakistan Army, commencing on the fateful night of March 25, 1971, against the citizens of what was then East Pakistan. On March 25, 1971, upon secret order from Pakistan authorities, under ‘Operation Searchlight’, Pakistani Forces and their collaborators committed the most brutal and targeted mass killing in Dhaka City in particular and elsewhere in country, which continued throughout the night. Thousands of people from all walks of life, including students, teachers, intellectuals, religious minorities and members of different services, especially from the Police and the then East Pakistan Rifles, were slaughtered.
Recognising the genocide committed by Pakistani Forces during the 1971 Bangladesh war of independence, Adama Dieng, the UN Secretary-General's Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, on March 24, 2019, pledged to Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, “Though some countries may oppose, we will raise the issue of Pakistani genocide in Bangladesh during the Liberation War in the international forum.” Dieng visited Bangladesh ahead of the country’s Independence Day on March 26.
The achievements on the War Crimes Trials in Bangladesh are already remarkable. The new verdicts against the guilty have once again reaffirmed the Awami League-led Government’s determination to honour its 2008 General Election pledge to bring the War Criminals of the 1971 genocide to justice. However, as a number of cases are pending with the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, the eventual conclusion of the trials and appeals is far from over.
Weekly Fatalities: Major Conflicts in South Asia July 8-14, 2019
Civilians
Security Force Personnel
Terrorists/Insurgents
Total
INDIA
Jammu and Kashmir
Manipur
INDIA (Left-Wing Extremism)
Chhattisgarh
Madhya Pradesh
INDIA (Total)
NEPAL
PAKISTAN
KP
Sindh
PAKISTAN (Total)
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The South Asia Intelligence Review (SAIR) is a weekly service that brings you regular data, assessments and news briefs on terrorism, insurgencies and sub-conventional warfare, on counter-terrorism responses and policies, as well as on related economic, political, and social issues, in the South Asian region.
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