South Asia Terrorism Portal

MALDIVES

Clearing the Mess
Giriraj Bhattacharjee
Research Associate, Institute for Conflict Management

On February 22, 2020, in response to reports of an attempted terror attack, the Maldives Police raided three houses on the Naifaru island of Lhaviyani Atoll. According to the Police, the residences were of three individuals accused of planning to set off an explosive device on the island.

On February 13, 2020, the Maldives Police arrested an Islamist extremist from an undisclosed location for his suspected role in a February 4, 2020, stabbing incident. Earlier, on February 6, 2020, six extremists were arrested in the same case from an undisclosed locations.

Significantly, on February 4, 2020, Islamist extremists, suspected to be inspired by the Islamic State (IS, aka Daesh), stabbed and injured three foreign nationals – two Chinese and one German – near Hulhumale Redbull Park Futsal Ground in the Hulhumale city of Kaffu Atoll. In a video posted on Telegram channel Al-Mustaqim Media, some people speaking in Dhivehi (the native language of the Maldives), claimed responsibility for the attack. They alleged that the Maldivian Government was being run by infidels and warned of more attacks in the future. Police are probing the authenticity of the video.

The last attack by Islamist radicals was reported in December 2019 (date not available), when a Turkish national was stabbed in Hulhumale city.

On September 29, 2007, in the worst attack targeting foreign nationals, 12 foreigners, including two British nationals, two Japanese and eight Chinese, were injured when a blast occurred at the entrance to the Sultan Park Mosque in the capital city, Male.

The security establishment will have to generate continuous intelligence to prevent future attacks on tourists if the potentially negative impact on the thriving tourism sector is to be contained. Tourism is the mainstay of the Maldivian economy, with an estimated share of 30 per cent of the Country’s Gross Domestic Product.

According to partial data compiled by the South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP), there were three incidents involving Islamist radicals through 2019. These include:  

November 23, 2019: Islamist radicals vandalised Meraki Coffee Roasters located in Male city. Those involved in the act left a message that read, “Women [expletive] don’t be men! Men don’t be women!” The outlet was identified by detractors as a “hangout for liberals and secularists.” The attack was suspected to be a warning to its former employee, Inas Ismail ‘Eena’, for not adhering to an “Islamic way of dressing” at the Maldives Film Awards 2019.

November 23, 2019: Islamist radicals spray-painted the Daesh logo on several walls on Maaugoodhoo Island in Faafu Atoll.

November 21, 2019: Ismail Hammad (26), a member of an unnamed religious extremist group, was reportedly stabbed when he was on a boat, for refusing to pledge allegiance to the leader of the group. Hw was “sentenced to death” by his colleagues. Fortunately, seriously injured Hammad swam to Maalhos island under the Alif Alif Atoll.

According to the SATP database, no incident of extremist violence was reported in 2018. SATP started compiling data on religious extremism/terrorism in Maldives from January 1, 2018.

Meanwhile, on November 25, 2019, Maldives Police Commissioner Mohamed Hameed posted statistics of religious extremism cases recorded between January 1, 2014, and October 31, 2019. According to the data shared, 188 cases related to extremism had been reported since January 2014.  Year-wise details were not made available in media outlets reporting in the English language.

Meanwhile, on December 16, 2019, Commissioner of Police (CP) Hameed disclosed that there were approximately 1,400 extremists in Maldives, who followed the ideologies of the IS and who would not hesitate to kill their fellow men to defend their beliefs. CP Hameed further revealed that 432 Maldivians from across the island nation sought to take part in the Syrian conflict and attempted to travel to the warzone.

Worryingly, experts abroad working on Maldives, disclosed that the numbers of Maldivians fighting in Syria could be higher than was estimated earlier. University of Western Australia scholar Azim Zahir noted, “the real number could be anywhere between 200 and 300”. Earlier, the number of Maldivians fighting in Syria was officially stated to be between 49 and 61. 

A possible catastrophe was averted by the Maldivian SFs when they, along with the “five biggest countries in the world,” foiled an IS plan to blow up an airline mid-air using an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) in 2017. CP Hameed revealed that the plot was orchestrated by a Maldivian IS member in Syria.

The transnational jihadi nature of the violence in Maldives was further recognized by a Government appointed Commission. On September 1, 2019, Husnu Suood, head of the Presidential Commission on Deaths and Disappearances, disclosed that Al Qaeda was responsible for three murders and one attempted murder in the country, between 2012 and 2017. The commission commenced its work officially on November 21, 2018, with a two-year deadline to investigate 27 cases. The last reported incident of killing occurred on April 23, 2017, when a local affiliate of al Qaeda killed blogger Yameen Rasheed, who had received repeated death threats for his ‘anti-Islamic views’.

In the meantime, the government took several measures to contain terrorism and extremism in the island nation.

On October 23, 2019, Maldivian authorities arrested ‘terrorist leader’ Mohamed Ameen. On December 5, 2019, the Prosecutor General's Office indicted Mohamed Ameen on terrorism charges and forwarded the case to the Criminal Court. The United States Department of the Treasuries Office of Foreign Affairs Control (OFAC), on September 10, 2019, had designated Ameen as a ‘recruiter’ for Islamic State-Khorasan (IS-Khorasan).

On September 30, 2019, an amendment to the Anti-Terrorism Act was passed with an overwhelming majority by the People’s Majlis (Parliament), in a special sitting. On October 10, 2019, President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih gave his assent to the new amendments to the Anti-Terrorism Act. According to a release issued by the office of the President of Maldives the amendment substantially empowers the Maldives Police Service by “incorporating early intervention strategies”.

Earlier, on September 19, 2019, the Maldives Government made public the details of 17 terror organisations placed under the Anti-Terrorism Act on recommendations made by the Parliamentary Committee on National Security. These groups included the IS, Al Qaeda, Jabhat al-Nusra (JaN), Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS), Abu Sayyaf (AS), Boko Haram (BH), Al-Shabaab, Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Harkat-ul-Jihad-i-Islami (HuJI), Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), National Thowheed Jama'ath (NTJ), Jamathei Millathu Ibrahim (JMI) and Willayath as Seylani (WAS).

Even as the Maldivian Government has been proactive in dealing with terrorism in recent past, larger complications relating to radicalization and extremism within the wider society persist due to the use of religion in political mobilisation and the increasing salience of Salafism, replacing traditional religious mores. In the section on ‘Extremism’ in a 2019 report, among other observations, it was noted that “the deployment of religion as a political weapon has been significant over the past decade, with many more liberal politicians and activists falsely accused of being opposed to Islam. These accusations, most of them based on no evidence, have led to a deeply polarized political environment.” 

On December 26, 2019, Colonel Naeem of the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF), speaking about extremism in Maldives at the 'Viavathi Raajje' Councilor Conference, observed that the “extremists believed that preventative healthcare was antithetical to reliance on God” and they “think of education as a western idea, and kept their children from going to school”.

Earlier, on December 21, 2019, Chief Superintendent of Police Mohamed Basheer mentioned that radicalized individuals in the community consider Maldives a “land of sin”, and added that they believe that those who do not subscribe to their extremist views are "infidels whose life and property could be rightfully seized."

Recent efforts of the Maldivian Government to counter these instances of extremism include:  

On February 19, 2020, the Government suspended an event in the island nation featuring Canadian Jamaican Islamic scholar Dr. Abu Ameena Bilal Philips, who is banned from entering several countries, including the United States and Britain.

On December 18, 2019, Maldives Police Service, as part of special operation, ‘Operation Asseyri’, to curb religious extremism on R. Maduvvari in Raa Atoll, arrested five suspected extremists. The operation was launched jointly with the Ministry of Gender, Family and Social Services.

While the threats of terror and extremism were being addressed, the challenge of successful ‘rehabilitation’ of eventual returnees from Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan looms large. For the returnees, the Government has constructed the National Reintegration Center, a de-radicalization facility, in K. Himmafushi, where repatriated individuals will undergo a rehabilitation program. The efficacy of this initiative is yet to be demonstrated.

The Government’s efforts to curb radicalization and extremism in The Maldives have secured significant successes, but it will be a long time before the system and society can be purged of the effects of the decades over which Islamism was used as the principle political mobilizer and instrument of social management in the country.

INDIA

Chhattisgarh: Lingering Challenges
Deepak Kumar Nayak
Research Associate, Institute for Conflict Management

On February 28, 2020, Communist Party of India-Maoist (CPI-Maoist) cadres killed Muchaki Hidma, accusing him of being a ‘police informer’ in Kolomkonta village under Tengapal Police Station limits in Sukma District. After executing the incident, the Maoists also allegedly assaulted Hidma's wife, as well as some villagers who went to save the woman.

On the same day, in another incident, CPI-Maoist cadres killed Madvi Urra, a former Maoist, branding him a ‘police informer’, in Mukram village under Chintalnar Police Station limits in Sukma District.

On February 21, 2020, CPI-Maoist cadres killed a supervisor of a construction company, identified as Jaggu Mandal, at Katgaon village in the Koyalibeda Block (administrative unit) under Pakhanjur Tehsil (revenue unit) in Kanker District. The company was involved in the construction of a road between Partapur and Koyalibeda under Partapur Police Station limits. In a letter left near the dead body, Maoists ‘urged’ contractors not to become enemies of the people and warned that those engaged in road and bridge works in the region would have to face serious consequences.

On February 19, 2020, one CPI-Maoist cadre was killed in an exchange of fire between a team of the District Reserve Guard (DRG) and the Maoists in the forest area along the Chintagufa-Chintalnar junction in Sukma District. The identity of the slain Maoist is yet to be ascertained.

On the same day, in another incident, an unidentified CPI-Maoist cadre was shot dead in an encounter with the Security Forces (SFs) near Ikul village in the Abujhmaad area of Narayanpur District.

On February 18, 2020, a commando of the Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (CoBRA), a specialised unit of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) proficient in guerrilla tactics and jungle warfare, was killed and another was injured in an exchange of fire with CPI-Maoist cadres in a forested area near Palodi village under Kistaram Police Station limits in Sukma District. Acting on a tip-off about the presence of the Maoists, the commandos were sent to the Pamed area of Bijapur District. The team was attacked by the Maoists while they were on their way to the area.

According to partial data collated by the South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP), since the beginning of 2020, at least 14 incidents of killing, resulting in 16 fatalities (seven civilians, four SF personnel, and five Maoists), have already been registered in Left Wing Extremism (LWE), related violence in Chhattisgarh, thus far (data till March 1). During the corresponding period of 2019, four incidents of killing, resulting in four fatalities (two civilians and two Maoists) were recorded. There is, thus, a significant surge in LWE-linked violence in the State in the current year.

However, the State had recorded a steep overall decline in LWE-linked violence in 2019. Chhattisgarh accounted for a total of 72 incidents of killing, resulting in 122 fatalities (30 civilians, 19 SF personnel, and 73 Maoists) in 2019, as against a total of 134 incidents of killing, resulting in 248 fatalities (59 civilians, 57 SF personnel, and 132 Maoists), through 2018. In 2019, total fatalities thus fell by 50.8 per cent and the State recorded the lowest number of fatalities since 2015, at 115. A peak of 368 fatalities was registered in 2007.

More importantly, fatalities among civilians in 2019, at 30, declined by 49.15 per cent, as compared to 2018, at 59. The 30 civilian fatalities in 2019 were the lowest recorded in this category since 2014, at 25. A peak of 184 civilian fatalities was recorded in 2006.

Fatalities among SFs also witnessed a sharp reduction, from 57 in 2018 to 19 in 2019 (66.66 per cent). This was the lowest number of fatalities recorded in this category since 2004, when a lone trooper was killed through the year. A peak of 198 SF fatalities was recorded in 2007.

Though fatalities in Maoist category also declined, SF successes were sharply reflected in the improved kill ratio against the Maoists in 2019, at 1:3.84 as against 1:2.31 registered in 2018. The ratio has been in favour of SFs since 2016, when it was 1:3.85. Since the formation of the CPI-Maoist on September 21, 2004, the ratio has been in favour of SFs for 10 years, with the best ratio recorded in 2004, at 1:20.

Meanwhile, at least 134 Maoists were arrested in 2019, in addition to 357 such arrests in 2018. At least 377 Maoists were arrested in 2017, 438 in 2016, and 230 in 2015. Mounting SF pressure also resulted in the surrender of 231 Maoists in 2019, in addition to 358 such surrenders in 2018. There were 327 surrenders in 2017, 1,232 in 2016, and 282 in 2015.

One of the vital parameters of violence, incidents of killing, indicates an improvement in the security situation in the State.  Incidents of killing fell from 134 in 2018 to 72 in 2019, a decline of 46.26 per cent. There was a total of 136 incidents of killing in 2016, the maximum recorded during the course of year, since March 6, 2000, when SATP started compiling data on Left Wing Extremism. It is useful to recall here, however, that the intensity of the violence was at its peak in Chhattisgarh during 2007-11, and it was among the worst affected States even after this period.

Significantly, other parameters of violence demonstrated a significant decline in Maoist capabilities in Chhattisgarh. 250 Maoist-linked incidents were reported in 2019, as compared to 328 such incidents in 2018.  The number of major incidents (each involving three or more fatalities) decreased to 10 in 2019, from 17 in 2018. 13 incidents of arson were reported in 2019 as compared to 19 such incidents in 2018. Further, the Maoists orchestrated at least 24 incidents of Improvised Explosive Device (IED) blasts in 2019, compared to 29 such incidents in 2018.

The number of Districts from where killings were reported declined in 2019, as compared to 2018. Out of a total of 28 Districts in Chhattisgarh, fatalities were reported from nine in 2019: Sukma (33); Dantewada (23); Bijapur (20); Kanker (15); Bastar (nine); Rajnandgaon (eight); Narayanpur (seven); Dhamtari (six); and Kabirdham (one). By comparison, 13 Districts recorded such fatalities in 2018 – Sukma (89); Bijapur (69); Dantewada (33); Narayanpur (16); Rajnandgaon (15); Kanker (11); Bastar (four); Kondagaon and Gariyaband (three each); Kabirdham (two); Balarampur, Dhamtari, and Koriya (one each).

Violence in the Bastar Division which remained the principal challenge for the State in particular and the country at large, also registered a decline of 52.44 per cent (from 225 incidents in 2018 to 107 in 2019). The Division currently comprises seven Districts – Bastar, Bijapur, Dantewada, Kanker, Kondagaon, Narayanpur, and Sukma – in the southernmost region in the State.

On January 2, 2020, Inspector General of Police (IGP), Bastar Division, P. Sundarraj disclosed that the Division had witnessed a decline of LWE-related incidents by 40 per cent in 2019. He further stated there was a decline in loss of security personnel lives in different incidents by 55 per cent and loss of civilian lives in CPI-Maoist attacks by 45 per cent.

Indeed, the LWE movement in the State continued to suffer through 2019. In a major setback to the CPI-Maoist, ‘Central Committee’ member and ‘secretary’ of the ‘Dandakaranya Special Zonal Committee (DKSZC)’, Ravula Srinivas aka Ramanna, died on December 9, 2019. Ramanna was in-charge of Maoist activity  in the ‘Bastar Division’ and carried a total cash reward of over INR 20 million. Ramanna was instrumental in prominent attacks on SFs, including the killing of 15 SF personnel (and one civilian) on March 11, 2014, and 25 CRPF personnel on April 24, 2017.

A December 19, 2019, report thus noted,

Nevertheless, based on assessments of underground and over-ground activities of the Maoists in the State, according to SATP data for 2019, at least four Districts – Bijapur, Dantewada, Kanker, and Sukma - remained highly-affected; another five Districts – Bastar, Dhamtari, Kabirdham, Narayanpur, and Rajnandgaon – were moderately affected; while two Districts – Gariyaband and Kondagaon - remained marginally affected.

Meanwhile, on February 5, 2019, the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (UMHA) identified 14 Districts of Chhattisgarh – Balod, Balrampur, Bastar, Bijapur, Dantewada, Dhamtari, Gariyaband, Kabirdham, Kanker, Kondagaon, Mahasamund, Narayanpur, Rajnandgaon, and Sukma – among the 90 LWE-affected Districts in 11 States across the country. Eight of these Districts of Chhattisgarh – Bastar, Bijapur, Dantewada, Kanker, Kondagaon, Narayanpur, Rajnandgaon, Sukma – were also included in the list of 30 Most Affected Districts from seven States across India, released by UMHA on August 1, 2018.

The Maoists are choosing to maintain a tactical silence, avoiding face-offs with the SFs, even as they revamp their strategies. According to an October 7, 2019, report, drone-like objects were spotted flying over the airspace of highly secured CRPF base camps in the Kistaram and Palodi areas of Sukma. CRPF spokesperson B.C. Patra disclosed,

Meanwhile, in addition to several measures adopted in the past, some new efforts were made during the course of 2019 to strengthen the security apparatus in the State. On January 2, 2020, P. Sundarraj, IGP, Bastar Division, stated that seven security camps had been established at Chhindnar, Chikpal and Potali of Dantewada District; Khodgaon in Narayanpur District; Pusnar and Bodli of Bijapur District and Sureli in Kanker District.

Regrettably, however, Chhattisgarh continues to suffer significant deficits in the strength and quality of the State Police Force, which constitutes the first line of defence against any kind of internal threat. According to the latest Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) data, there was a vacancy of 16.61 per cent in the State Police Force, as on January 1, 2019. Moreover, of a sanctioned strength of 142 apex Indian Police Service (IPS) Officers in the State, 36 posts, i.e., 25.35 per cent remained vacant, considerably weakening executive direction of the Force. As against a sanctioned strength of 462 Police Stations, there were 446 Police Stations in the State, and at least 21 of them had no telephones.

According to a January 25, 2020, report, the Chhattisgarh Government, among eight States attending the 'High Powered Committee (HPC)’ meet held at State capital Raipur, put forth their proposals for sophisticated weapons, ultra-modern forensic labs and highly-developed software analysis system. State Police officials and forensic experts also stressed the need for cybercrime investigation took kits, thermal imagers, internet evidence finders, tower servers and firing simulators. Meanwhile, Vivek Bharadwaj, the Additional Secretary, UMHA (Police Modernisation), assured the States that their essential requirements for modernisation of their Police Forces would be looked into and the proposals would be approved as early as possible.

Despite all odds and deficits, the LWE menace in Chhattisgarh has been progressively contained, and there is visible improvement in the ground situation. Nonetheless, several challenges remain to be, and both the State and Central Governments need to ensure that capacities are augmented so that the remaining stretches of territory afflicted by Maoist violence can be brought back to normalcy.